Thus, there is a potential to use these strains in oil reservoirs, crude oil processing, and recovery to control wax deposition. A comparatively higher overall alcohol dehydrogenase, lipase, and esterase activities were observed in strains N3A7, MK7, DFY1, AD11, and AD24. Among the 11 strains, the highest activities of alkane monooxygenase were recorded in strain AD24. The degradation of crude oil is associated with the production of degradative enzymes such as alkane monooxygenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, lipase, and esterase. In addition, the degradation of crude oil also resulted in changes in the pH of the medium. Notably, most of the strains could completely degrade C 37–C 40 and increase the ratio of C 14–C 18, especially during the initial 2 days incubation. The GCMS analysis showed that strains N3A7, MK7, DFY1, AD11, and AD24 achieved more than 70% biodegradation efficiency of crude oil in a short period (3 days). The bacteria were identified as Geobacillus kaustophilus N3A7, NFA23, DFY1, Geobacillus jurassicus MK7, Geobacillus thermocatenulatus T7, Parageobacillus caldoxylosilyticus DFY3 and AZ72, Anoxybacillus geothermalis D9, Geobacillus stearothermophilus SA36, AD11, and AD24. To achieve this, the biodegradation of crude oil paraffin wax by 11 bacteria isolated from seawater and oil-contaminated soil samples was investigated at 70☌. As an environmentally friendly alternative, this study aims to find a novel thermophilic bacterial strain capable of degrading paraffin wax in crude oil to control wax deposition. Most of the commercialized chemical additives to prevent wax are expensive and toxic. The deposition of paraffin wax in crude oil is a problem faced by the oil and gas industry during extraction, transportation, and refining of crude oil. 4Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.3Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia. 1Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.Nur Aina Adlan 1,2, Suriana Sabri 1,2, Malihe Masomian 1,3, Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali 1,4 and Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd Rahman 1,2*
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